Astronomers have used simultaneous ground-based and space-based observations to measure the temperature and velocity of gas ejected from a young sun-like star. The result showed a two-component ejection consisting of a hot fast component followed by a slower, cooler component. This result is important for understanding how young stars affect their surrounding environment where planets and life may first be forming, and by extension provides insights into the early days of the solar system, Earth, and life on Earth.
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In a paper published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, the international LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration reports on the detection of two gravitational wave events in October and November of 2024 with unusual black hole spins. This observation adds an important new piece to our understanding of the most elusive phenomena in the universe.
Meng Dezhao, a Ph.D. student from the Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, together with his collaborators, has conducted a systematic study of the filamentary structure within the G53 molecular cloud. By combining multi-wavelength observations and simulations, they revealed for the first time that the filament is undergoing an “end-dominated collapse” (EDC), a process that is driving star formation. The paper is published in Astronomy & Astrophysics.
San Bernardino Deputy Andrew Nunez, a six-year employee of the department, was fatally shot while responding to a call of an armed suspect
So much happened in the earliest moments of the universe. Elementary particles appeared, the first nuclei of hydrogen and helium, and fluctuations of energy and matter set into motion the formation of galaxies and supermassive black holes. But all of it is invisible to us.
Could scientists find life in the clouds of exoplanet atmospheres? This is what a manuscripton the arXiv preprint server hopes to address as a team of researchers investigate how the biosignatures of microbes could be identified in exoplanet atmospheres and clouds.
A team of physicists from the University of Innsbruck and Harvard University has proposed a fundamentally new way to generate laser light: a laser without mirrors. Their study, published in Physical Review Letters, shows that quantum emitters spaced at subwavelength distances can constructively synchronize their photon emission to produce a bright, very narrow-band light beam, even in the absence of any optical cavity.
Some of these cities existed before written history, and before mankind existed on Earth, at least according to the Bible. But before religion, and before written history, ancient cultures around the world built massive cities, extremely old cities. And when we talk about the oldest cities on Earth, we mean the oldest continuously inhabited cities. Note that different sources have different dates for the cities. Starting off with what many claim is to be the oldest city on the surface of the planet: Jericho.
Traces of habitation: 9000 BC.  Fortifications date to 6800 BC (or earlier), making Jericho the earliest known walled city on the surface of the planet. Jericho is believed to have been continuously inhabited from 9,000 BC. Archaeologists have unearthed more than 20 remains of successive settlements, which are said to go back as far as 11,000 years. Jericho is mentioned in the biblical and is located on the banks of the Jordan River, at the bottom of the slope that leads to the mountainous plateau of Judah, about 8 km from the northern coast of the Dead Sea dry basin, almost 240 m below the level of the Mediterranean Sea and approximately 27 km from Jerusalem. Some say it isn’t Jericho, but Damascus the oldest city on Earth. This ancient city was established sometimes between 10,000 and 8,000 BC, and many authors argue Damascus is the oldest continuously inhabited city on Earth. Consisting of a maze of narrow alleys, the walled city of Damascus characterized by stunning ancient doors leading into radiant courtyards and blank-faced houses. Damascus is commonly known in Syria as ash-Sham and nicknamed the “Jasmine City” it is the capital and the second largest city in Syria after Aleppo. Byblos is believed to have been inhabited since 5,000 BC and is considered by many authors the third oldest continuously inhabited city on Earth. It is believed that it was founded around the year 5000 BC, and according to sources attributed to the Phoenician historian Sanjuniatón, was built by Crono, and was the first Phoenician city. This ancient metropolis was founded by the Phoenicians, despite the fact that its name was given to it by Greeks, who imported large amounts of papyrus from it. In fact, the English word ‘bible’ derives from Byblos. Aleppo in Syria is another ancient city worth including in our list of the oldest continuously inhabited cities on Earth.  According to scholars, this ancient city was inhabited from around 4,300 BC. It’s currently Syria’s most populated city with around 4.4 million inhabitants. The ancient city was founded around 4,300 BC as Halab, and the ruins of the ancient city have not been excavated nor studied by experts. https://twitter.com/historyinpix/status/772677650401943552 During the city’s long history, Aleppo was under Hittite control until around 800 BV, after which it passed to Assyrian, Greek, and Persian hands. It was also occupied by the Romans, Byzantines and Arabs. The city of Aleppo was besieged by the Crusaders and was also invaded by the Mongols and Ottomans. In modern times, the city is a war zone, and most of its history has been lost in conflict. The ancient city of Sidon, another wonder of the ancient world. Considered as one of the most important ancient Phoenician cities, Sidon is located some 40 kilometers south of Beirut. According to experts, archaeological excavations have found evidence of human occupation since 4,000 BC. Before being captured by the Assyrians, this city was the capital of the Elamite Empire. It was also ruled by Cyrus the Great. It currently has a population of around 65,000 people. Featured image credit: Aleppo’s Citadel https://twitter.com/historyinpix/status/772677650401943552http://en.alalam.ir/news/1864893 http://en.alalam.ir/news/1864893 Aleppo Syria depicted by the great Ottoman cartographer and artist Matrakçı Nasuh. An international team of astronomers have employed the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to observe a nearby M-dwarf star known as TWA 20. As a result, they detected a large debris disk around this star. The finding was reported in a paper published October 23 on the arXiv pre-print server.
In the beginning, Earth was a violent place with no atmosphere to soften the blow.
In a new milestone for space-enabled semiconductor research, the University of Florida, in collaboration with NASA, MIT, Vanguard Automation, AIM Photonics and Germany’s Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, launched a suite of photonic AI chips to the International Space Station aboard JAXA’s HTV-XI spacecraft this weekend.
Astronomers have generated the first three-dimensional map of a planet orbiting another star, revealing an atmosphere with distinct temperature zones—one so scorching that it breaks down water vapor, a team co-led by a Cornell expert reports in new research.
The Chinese company LandSpace continues to develop the Zhuque-3 (ZQ-3), a two-stage reusable launch vehicle inspired by SpaceX’s Starship and Super Heavy. They achieved their first milestone in January 2024 with a vertical takeoff and vertical landing (VTVL) using their VTVL-1 test vehicle at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) in northern China. By September, the company conducted a second VTVL test where the prototype hovered for over 200 seconds (the previous test lasting 60 seconds), followed by a static fire test with a prototype booster by June.
The universe is a strange place. The X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) orbiting observatory recently highlighted this fact, when it was turned on a pulsar to document its powerful cosmic winds.
The ancient City of Hattusa is home to megalithic stones, sphinxes, Lions, a mysterious green stone, laser-like drill-holes somehow performed on andesite blocks, and archeological features eerily similar to those found halfway across the world in South America. The magnificent ruins of this once great city lie near the city of Boğazkale, Turkey. It served as a capital city for the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age. The city had extensive forests and fertile adjacent fields, although its location had two drawbacks: the rivers in the area were not navigable, which impeded river transport, and the proximity to the barbarous Kaskians. According to historical accounts, the kaskas were a permanent and constant threat to Hattusa.  The Hittites occupied the city; a people shrouded in mystery. The Hittite empire was not small; it stretched as far as the Bosphorus and what is today’s Syria. This ancient civilization was a significant super-power of the near East, and their military incursions often provoked other great powers such as the ancient Egyptians. Experts have excavated several ancient texts in Turkey show an intense diplomatic relationship present in distant times between the Egyptians and the Hittites. One of the most important discoveries at the site has been the cuneiform royal archives of clay tablets, known as the Bogazköy Archive. These ancient documents consist of official correspondence and contracts, as well as legal codes. Among them, archaeologists also discovered procedures for a cult ceremony, oracular prophecies and even literature of the ancient Near East. One of the most important ancient tablets discovered on the site, currently on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, details the terms of a peace settlement after the Battle of Kadesh between the Hittites army and the Egyptians ruled under Ramesses II, in 1259 or 1258 BC. Curiously, this happens to be the first peace treaty in History, and a copy is on display in the United Nations in New York City considered an example of the earliest known international peace treaties. Archaeological excavationsThe first excavations carried out in the area date back to 1906, when the German Archaeological Institute began to work in the ruins of the city, work that has continued uninterrupted until now in the summer archaeological campaigns. Researchers shave excavated Numerous clay tablets, written in a multitude of languages, such as Luwian or Akkadian, which are the main source for the study of Hittite culture. The remains excavated so far correspond mainly to the reign of the last Hittite monarchs who modified many ancient temples in order to show the splendor of their empire, taking advantage of the prosperity of that time and the empire’s military power.  The ‘Ups’ and ‘Downs’ of the cityThis ancient city went through turbulent times. Hattusa was initially founded by a people of non-Indo-European language, Hatti, but during the reign of Anitta (XVIII century BC) it hosted aristocrats rebelling against Anitta and was, therefore, destroyed. Hattusili I reconstructed the city, and it turned it into his capital, to the detriment of Nesa, until the point of which its own name, Hattusili, is related to the name of the city. All Hattusili’s successors retained the capital at Hattusa, except Muwatalli II who moved him to Tarhuntassa to better defend himself against the Egyptians, but the transfer did not last long, as his son Urhi-Tesub moved the capital back to Hattusa. One of the constants of Hittite history is the threat of the Kaskas, who, appearing for the first time in the time of Hantili II, came to capture the capital in the time of Arnuwanda I, the Hittites having to wait until Tudhaliya III to reconquer the city. After the fall of the Hittite Empire (1200 BC, approx.) The track of Hattusa is lost, although it is suspected that the Kaskas or some Phrygian tribe destroyed it. However, some doubt that.  The end of the Hittite empire came abruptly. After the destruction of Hattusa, the site remained isolated until it was rediscovered in modern-times. Curiously, scholars indicate how around the same time when Hattusa destroyed, other great cities of the Near East also faced annihilation. Experts conclude that a set of massive fires brought the city of Hattusa and other sites in the area to their knees. Great centers were burnt down mysteriously. From cities of Palestine to the fortresses of Syria, and even ancient Egyptian cities of the delta succumbed and were quickly turned to ash. It remains an enigma as to what exactly occurred during that time, and what kind of army had in their possession such advanced weaponry as to bring down powerful cities. Some scholars argue that these cities were not burned down by invading armies but were destroyed by a force, not from Earth. The city of Hattusa was home to formidable walls which were considered among the strongest defensive walls of any bronze age city in the Near East or elsewhere in the ancient world. This has led some exerts to question whether it is possible that the city of Hattusa was destroyed by perhaps a comet, or asteroid impact in the distant past. At its peak, the city of Hattusa was home to around 50,000 inhabitants. Experts in stone masonry  The builders of the ancient city of Hattusa were advanced stonemasons. Evidence of their advanced stone-working skills can be found all over the ruins today. The Great Temple of Hattusa is notable for a distinct megalithic construction. Its base is made out of massive andesite stone. Other elements include large stones ranging between 6 to 8 meters in length, and weighing well over 50 tons. Some authors have mentioned how some elements of the Great Temple of Hattusa are eerily similar to design elements found half-way across the world in Peru, at the Qorikancha temple. But perhaps the most significant mystery– concerning stone masonry–are the enigmatic drill holes found all over the site. Numerous drill holes–perfectly drilled–have been found across the site. It remains a profound mystery as to how the builders of the city created these nearly perfect holes in andesite stone. Furthermore, there is no conclusive explanation as to what the purpose of the drill holes was. Some boulders found at the site include dozens of drill holes; their purpose remains a mystery. Another great mystery, and perhaps a feature by which Hattusa is best-known is a massive gree-stone boulder, found within the area where the Great Temple once stood.  The enigmatic stone has been the subject f debate among experts who cannot agree on the origins of the stone itself. Some argue that the mysterious boulder was a gift from Ramses II after the peace treaty of Kadesh, however, due to the lack of ancient texts describing it, this theory cannot be proven yet. The Green Stone is perfectly polished to the point it almost acts as a mirror.  It reflects light, and many people who have touched it say it gives off strange energies. Many argue that because the green stone is found within the premises of the ancient temple, it may have had a religious function. |
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