Scientists digging through data collected by the Cassini spacecraft have found new complex organic molecules spewing from Saturn’s moon Enceladus. This is a clear sign that complex chemical reactions are taking place within its underground ocean. Some of these reactions could be part of chains that lead to even more complex, potentially biologically relevant molecules.
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Nobel laureate Dr. George Smoot, who conducted groundbreaking research into the origins of the universe during a long career at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, has died, the school said. He was 80.
Optical clocks are highly precise timekeeping devices that measure time by tracking the oscillations of light, as opposed to microwaves, like conventional atomic clocks. The accuracy of these clocks heavily depends on the ability to identify narrow so-called atomic transitions, which are essentially changes in the energy state of electrons in an ion or atom.
In the 17th century, astronomers Christiaan Huygens and Giovanni Cassini trained their telescopes on Saturn and uncovered a startling truth: the planet’s luminous bands were not solid appendages, but vast, separate rings composed of countless nested arcs.
Billions of years ago, water flowed across Mars. Most scientists agree the red planet had rivers. But did those rivers flow into an ocean? New research from the University of Arkansas found strong evidence in Mars’ geology of an ocean in the planet’s northern hemisphere.
Whether an asteroid is spinning neatly on its axis or tumbling chaotically, and how fast it is doing so, has been shown to be dependent on how frequently it has experienced collisions. The findings, presented at the recent EPSC-DPS2025 Joint Meeting in Helsinki, are based on data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia mission and provide a means of determining an asteroid’s physical properties—information that is vital for successfully deflecting asteroids on a collision course with Earth.
Researchers from the Yunnan Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have unveiled a neural network-based automated method for identifying heartbeat stars—a rare type of binary star system. Their findings are published in The Astronomical Journal.
The marimo (Aegagropila brownii), a nationally designated Special Natural Monument of Japan, inhabits Lake Akan in Hokkaido, where environmental conditions fluctuate drastically with the seasons. Of particular concern is the period immediately after ice melt in early spring, when low water temperatures coincide with strong sunlight, posing a risk of severe damage to photosynthetic activity.
“After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years.” According to the accounts written down on the Sumerian King List, Eight ancient kings ruled over ancient Mesopotamia for a period of 241,200 years, before the Great Flood. Despite the fact that the Sumerian King list names all rules who reigned over the lands of ancient Mesopotamia. Curiously, some of them are recorded having implausibly lengthy reigns.  Those are the first 8 rulers who according to the list, ruled for 241,200 years. According to experts, none of the predynastic antediluvian rulers have so far been verified as historically accurate leaders by archaeological excavations, epigraphical inscriptions or otherwise. The reign of antediluvian rulers was measured in sars, periods of 3600 years, ners, units of 600, and sosses units of 60. The Sumerian King List states: “After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years.” Alulim—28,800 years. The first king to rule was Alulim, who ruled for 8 Sars, meaning a total of 28,800 years. He was the First ruler of Eridu, and the first king of Sumer. It is believed that Enki, the creator God and patron God od Eridu brought civilization to Sumer at this point. Alalngar—36,000 years. Alalngar was the second king of Eridu, and the predecessor of Alulim. The Sumerian King list states that he ruled for 36,000 years after which he was succeeded by En-men-lu-ana of Bad-tibira. “Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira.” En-men-lu-ana—43,200 years The next ruler who was king after Eridug fell was En-men-lu-ana who ruled for 43,200 years. According to the Sumerian King List, En-men-lu-ana was the third pre-dynastic ruler of ancient Sumer, and was the ‘longest reigning king’ according to historical accounts written down on the Sumerian King List. En-men-gal-ana—28,800 years. According to the Sumerian King List the fourth pre-dynastic ruler of Ancient Sumer was En-men-gal-ana who ruled for 28,800 years. He was succeeded by Dumuzid, the Shepherd—36,000 years. Dumuzid, commonly referred to as the ‘Shephard’ was the fifth pre-dynastic ruler that, according to the ancient Sumerian King List ruled of Sumer before the Deluge. According to historical accounts, he ruled for 36,000 years. Dumuzid is mentioned sometimes as the Son of Enki. “Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larag.” After the fall of Bad-tibira, the Sumerian King List indicates En-sipad-zid-ana as the next ruler. En-sipad-zid-ana—28,800 years. En-sipad-zid-ana is mentioned as the sixth pre-dynastic ruler of ancient Sumer before the Deluge. According to the Sumerian King List, he ruled for 28,800 years. “Then Larag fell and the kingship was taken to Zimbir.” En-men-dur-ana—21,000 years. The following ruler mentioned in the Sumerian King List after the fall of Larag is En-men-dur-ana, who was the seventh pre-dynastic king of Sumer and ruled for a total of 21,000 years. “Then Zimbir fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppag.” After the fall of Zimbir, Ubara-Tutu ruled over ancient Sumer for a period of 18,600 years. Ubara-Tutu was the eighth and final pre-dynastic ruler of ancient Sumer, as noted in the Sumerian King List. Ubara-tutu is believed to have live until the great deluge swept over the land. The rule of all eight kings totals 241,200 years. “Then the flood swept over.” Atoms in crystalline solids sometimes vibrate in unison, giving rise to emergent phenomena known as phonons. Because these collective vibrations set the pace for how heat and energy move through materials, they play a central role in devices that capture or emit light, like solar cells and LEDs.
Zap Energy has advanced its Century fusion engineering test platform to operate for more than one hundred plasma shots at 0.2 Hz, or one shot every five seconds, with the resulting heat captured by surfaces coated with circulating liquid metal.
Programmable photonics devices, which use light to perform complex computations, are emerging as a key area in integrated photonics research. Unlike conventional electronics that transmit signals with electrons, these systems use photons, offering faster processing speeds, higher bandwidths, and greater energy efficiency. These advantages make programmable photonics well-suited for demanding tasks like real-time deep learning and data-intensive computing.
Researchers from The University of New Mexico and Los Alamos National Laboratory have developed a novel computational framework that addresses a longstanding challenge in statistical physics.
Quantum metals are metals where quantum effects—behaviors that normally only matter at atomic scales—become powerful enough to control the metal’s macroscopic electrical properties.
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